Asynchronous machine



v 1,614,009 Jan' 11" 1927 v, MARTINETTO AsYNoHRoNUs MACHINE Filed Jan. 23, 1924 '3"Sheets-S'heet l Jan, 11 1927.

v. MARTINETTO AsYNcHRoNoUs MACHINE Filed Jan. 23, 1924 3 Sheets-She'et 2 l Q A 7 y; attenua 1,614,009 Jan 11 1927 v. MARTINETTQ ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINE 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Jan. 23, 1924 1 www Patented' Jan. 11, 1927.

UNITED STATES vrr'romo lun'rnm'rro, or TURIN, ITALY.

ASYvNCHRON'OfUS IACHINE-.

Application Med January $3, 1924, Serial lo. 688,016, and in Italy January 26,. 1923.

This invention relates to asynchronous machines and is objects are the startlng with a good torque without inserting ohmic resistances, the improvement of the power factor and the economic regulation of speed.

The word motor is generally used herenafter, also to denote a generator.

According to my present invention, in ordinary induction motors I utilize the primary and secondary end connections and the magnetic frontal fields'set up'thereby.l "In order that these fields can' be utilized I pro- -vide circuits of a relatively low-reluctance in such a way as lo cause their lines of force to cross almost totally the fields set up .in the air gap by the connections parallel to the shaft of the same windings, and I cause only the primary frontal fields to interlink with the secondary end connections, while I frontal fields will be stray-fields.

'Ihe purposes above specified are accom-y -plished by means of the addition-in the secondary circuit of ordinary induction motors-ofv magnetic bridges of several constructions, which will aid to form a circuit of very low reluctance around the primary and secondary end connections, the said circuit passing through the laminatedcores 3" and said bridges so as to take-around the end connections-the shape of a U having the base parallel to the machine shaft and the arms placed one inwardly and the'other outwardly of the said end connections'.

Such a circuit will therefore be caused to cross the lines of the field in the air gap `and to totally interlink with the secondary end 4 connections. e For the purpose of causing the primary inf;r thereby prevented from reacting upon,

thel primary inductive/field. (Generally sieaking, such a distortion is not' contained in a plane. so that it will be hardly so arrange the latters that the secondary c' frontal field to totally interlink with thel shown in a diagrammatic and approxima-- tive manner in the drawings-see Figs. 1 and 4, where the lines of force (I), and p1 do not exactly lie in the plane of the drawingbut evidently the lines of force of a magnetic field, crossing the lines of another field practically at right angles to the former, will set' up a distortion of these lines).

The path heretofore described is followed by the linesy of force due to the primary, because of the reluctance of this circuit, less 4than in ordinary induction motors, where end connections, i. e. without interlinking with the latter.

In ordinary induction motors with complete end shields, while having the arms of the U-shaped magnetic circuit, there is no magnetic bar or bridge forming the base thereof, which is the main lfeature ,of the machines according to the present invention and to which is exclusively due to the fact of changing the primary n'xagn'etic fields from stray-fields kto magnetizing fields, and of causing them to cross the field generated in the air gap.

For the aforesaid purposes (crossing and tial to complete through magnetic material the circuit of the end connections between thc ends of the arms of U. It will be seen, however, that` such a closure produces a variation of the 'magnctizing component required by thev primary end connections, and causes the dispersion of the secondary field to vary, influencing thereby themode of operation and the characteristics ofthe motor.

The annexed drawings show some diagrams and some embodiments by way, of example of induction motors according to this invention.

Fig. 1 shows a portion of the primary and secondary laminated cores of an ordinary induction motor, developed in a plane;

Fig. 2 is a cross section thereof;

Fig. 3 shows by the vectorial system the displacement 'of phases between the voltage andthe fields generated by the end connections of the motor shown in Figs. 1 and 2;

Fig. 4 is similar to Fig. l. the primary and secondary end connections being also shown;

showing additional-magnetic bridges surrounding' the end connections;

interlinking of frontal fields) it is not essen- Fig. 5 is' a cross section like that of Fig. 2, 'lm

Fig. 6 diagraminatically shows a construction of double-type motor according to this invention;

Figs. 7 and 8 sliw a portion of the laminated stator cores, developed in a plane, of the motor shown in Fig. 6, the relative position of the primar end connections being diagrammatically s own, the current direction being indicated by arrows in two different cases; K

Figs. 9 and 10 are modifications, in partial cross section, of the motor shown in Fig. 6;

Fig. 11 is a further embodiment of a motor according to this invention.

Referring first to Figs. 1 and 2, 1 is the stator and 2 the rotor'laminated core, having slots wherein the primary winding 3 and the secondary winding 4 are respectively arranged.

11),. denotes the resultant field generated in the air gap by the windings 3 and 4 parallel to the shaft, while 1), denotes the frontal field due to the primary end connections and g5, the frontal field due to the secondary ones.

In Fig. 3, E denotes theY supply voltage,-

e the resultantL secondary voltage displaced through an angle of 180"l from E, while Ef and et respectively denote the voltages in duced by the fields 1, andr (1) displacedV through angles a and from c and E respectively. i

In Fig. 4, 3 denotes the primary end connections and 4 the secondary end connections of one phase of the motorwindings. As said, it will be noted from Figs. 1 and 4 that the lines of for'ce Il), and eil, crossing `with the resultant field in, -in the air gap,

are. distorted away from their path; such a distortion, onl-y diagrammatically shown,

' will generate a reciprocal reaction of the frontal fields and the fieldin the air gap.

Furthermore, by adding in the magnetic circuit of the fields due to the end connec tions, as shown in Fig. 5, additional-magnetic bridges 6 placed around the rimary and secondaryend connections, orming with other arts of the motor a circuit of very low re uctance, the interlinking of the primary frontal fields with the secondary end connections will'be facilitated. It must be noted that in Fig. 5 the additional magnetic bridges have been lshown, for the sake of explanation only, without leaving;l any air v.

gap for the rotation Vof the secondary in respect of the primary.

In the embodiment shown in Fig. 6, the

primary laminated cores 1 are fixed in the' usual way to the stator frame 7, while'the secondary cores 2 are supported by a cylindrical body 11 made of magnetic material` the portion of the cylindrical wall of said body comprised between the two coupled rotors serving to complete the U-shaped connections enclosed by the four laminated cores are utilized, no particular magnetic circuit being there fore required for the other The end connec- In this constructional embodiment only the fields due to the end end connections, arranged externally of the fronts of both pairsof cores. The secondary windings 4.of both rotors may be connected in series or may each be sliort-circuited.

Figures 7 and 8 diagrammatically show the primary three-phase' windings of the motor shown in Fig. 6, in one only of the phases (for the sake of simplicity) the dii rection of the current being shown by arrows, in two diti'ereiit cases: by the direction of the feed-current shown by the arrows of Fig. 7 the magneto motive forces of the end connections of botlrcores add together, while by the direction shown in Fig. 8 they are annulled. These are the two limit cases, of maximum and minimum frontal fields, which will he utilized for the regulation of the torque.

-The magnetic circuit of the end connections in the alternative shown in Fig. 9 is completed, in lieu of the cylindrical body provided according to Fig. 6, by a number of transversal bars 1l, arranged parallel to the shaft, over which an auxiliary winding 12 connected in series to the secondary winding 4 is wound. Such an additional winding is interlinked with the primary frontal field 1D., and generates stray-fields 4:3 closing through the air. These auxiliary windings 12 are preferably so yarranged that the magnetic axis set'u thereby will coincide with the axis of the ld due to the windings 4.

In-tlie embodiment shown in Fig. 10, the frame 7 is not utilized to close therein the frontal magnetic circuit, thus leaving opened the interval between the two arms of the U. As shown in the drawing all the primary frontal field 1), is interlinked as well with the end connections generating it, as with thel secondary end connections 4', while the field gp, generated by the latters is almost totally a stray field, since it is interlinked with the rimary end connections only through a very ow portion of its lines of force. The embodiment shown in this figure allows a magnetic circuit conforming in the best way to the requirements heretofore disclosed; to create a-.magnetc U-shaped circuit for the u of causing the lines of the primary frontal field to be interlinked with the secy ondary end connections, and moreover to scribed.

cause the frontal fields. primary as well as and 14 denote a air of cups made of mag' notie material. axially displaceable'along the motor shaft, and fitting recesses provided internally of the end shields. It will be easily understood that such cups replace--asto the generation of the special low reluctance circuit-as well the cylindrical body as the separate transverse bars 11, provided in the embodiments of motors formerly de-v 'lhe displacement of the said cups not only permits of varying the reluctance of the frontal magnetic circuit, but also -of break-w ing it in the portion corresponding to the U-base, as happens when the cups are in the position shown by dotted lines.

lVhile in the embodiment shown in Fig. (i, by only referring to the magnetic circuits of the end connections enclosed between the tained in the cups and motor shields, which of course cannot be 'made of laminated magnetic material.. It will therefore be preferable to employ the latter embodiment only for the starting and the improvement of the power factor at low load.-

The advantages obtained by machines according to this invention ,can be explained as follows:

'lhe interlinking of the lines of force 0f the field rIl, with the secondary end connections produces the diminution of the primary frontal stray-fields and the induction of energy fromthe primary to the secondary winding, while the crossing ofthe lines of force due to the primary and secondary lend connections with the field 1), in the air gap produces a reciprocal reaction between the frontal fields and the field in the air gap.

Because of the considerable difference between the reluctance of the frontal circuits (1),. land p and that of the air gap circuit I the former will bedisplaced as regards the latter, and will be distorted in opposite directions to each other by croing same.

Consequently, the M. M. F. respectively due l to the value of the current in the primary winding, and the same phase thereof;` while on the contrary the secondary field (p1, being prevented from reacting upon (D, because ofy the distortion heretofore explained, will induce in the same windings a reacting voltage, corresponding to the reaction failing between pl and @1, of like. value and oppoite sense to that induced by the field (1),.

Since the fundamental equilibrium requirement is that the resultant of the voltages induced in the primary and secondary windings, aswell by the frontal fields as by the field in the air gap, be balanced by the impressed voltage; if the secondary frontal field is partially or totally a stray-field, the E. M. F. failing thereby in the primary `winding shall be replaced by an E. M. F.

induced in said winding by the field in the air gap.

On the other hand, since the voltage induced by the field o, in the primary winding is a reactive voltage, i. e. a voltage enerated by a field in phase with the secon ary eurre'nt, the field in the air gap to induce a like voltagey should be displaced; such a displacement will be realized if the secondary' M. M. force has a value greater than that of the primary M. M. force.

From the aforesaid it will be understood that if the secondary frontal field is totally or partially a stray-field, the value of the ampere-turns in the secondary will be greaterl than the corresponding value 1n the primary. The latter is the main feature characterizing the object of this invention from all the constructions of asynchronous machines heretofore known, the mode of operation of the new machines being substantially different from the` mode of operation of such machines.

The same phenomena heretofore disclosed may be further explained referring to the diagram shown in Flg. 3.

A The frontal field 4) in phase with the Aprimary current, will induce in the primary and secondary windings interlinked with it a. voltage er lagging through 90 over (I), and in advance through an angle a over the -resulting voltage e, which shall counterbalance the supply voltage E the secondary frontal field p1 in phase with the. secondary current, will induce in the windings interlinked with it a voltage -Ef lagging through 90 over p1 and in advance through an angle over the supply voltage E.

Two cases shall be considered:

I. If the geometrical resultant crd-E, has like value and opposite direction to E, which will happen when the values of fields fl). and p1 interlinked with secondary and primary end connections will Vbe equal` the equilibrium of voltages will bereaehed by means of only the end connections.

In the air gap the field (I), will be lagging I v through 90 over the supply voltage E, since` the latter must be balanced by only the voltage induced by this field; in any case the field (D, will have a ver low value, being a' minimum the voltage o the windings parallel to the shaft relatively to the voltage required by the frontal field @1, which is balanced by no reaction from the field p,.

II. If on the contrary the geometrical sum cri-E, be of lesser value than the supply volta e E, and is not opposite to the latter, which will happen when q, is partially or totally a stray-field, the failing volt.

- secondary current, the field in the air gapto be able to induce in the primary a voltage of suitable phase-shall take the phase of p that is to say that in the air gap the M. M. F. generated by the secondary cur- `rent shall be the greater one.

As a conclusion, the operative characterist-ics of the machines according to this ininvention are the following:

(A) The magnetic field in the air gap will not aid in transmitting energy to the secondary, by being displaced through an angle lesser than 90 from the M. M. Frdue to the secondary itself; therefore there is the only primary frontal field 1) which will energize the secondary winding;

(B) Since the field' in the air gap takes the phase of the secondary current, the same will not be able to set up any torque by reacting-upon the secondary windings parallel to the shaft, having the same phase, while in ordinary induction motors the torque is generated in the air gap;

i (C) The torque set up in motors accord- 'ing to this invention is due to the reaction of the primary frontal field Il), upon the secondary windings parallel to the shaft. Such a torque will therefore vary in a double way by the varia-tion of the current absorbed by the primary, since by the increase (for instance) of the latter, the field (I), proportional thereto will increase, and simultaneously the secondary -current being due to the same field will also increase.

The value of the torque and thereby (as in usual induction motors) the speed may be varied by three fundamental means:

(1) By directlyv modifying the value of theiield ib., e. of the current absorbed in the primary windin (2) By indirectly modifying the value of the same field: and

( 3) By modifying the value of the voltage i induced thereby in the secondary.

To directly vary the value of-the field @1,- the value of the impressed voltage may be varied by one of the well known regulation means.

B the double type motor shownin Fig. 6, tlie inclusive value of the frontal fields (due to the end connections enclosed by the four laminated cores) may be varied by gradually passing from the maximum value, which will be had when the current has like direction in the end connections of both cores (see Fig. 7), to the zero value, which will behad when in the said end connections the currenthas opposite directions (see Fig. 8). Such a gradual passage may be obtained either by the actual relative displacement of both stators (which displacement may be gradually performed by any suitable mechanical means) or by gradually varying the phase in one of the windings relatively to the other, unt-il they are in opposition.

The value of the voltage in the secondary may be varied by regulating the turns of the auxiliary windings 12 inserted in the secondary (Fig. 9).

By the construction shown in Fig. 11, the value of ,the primary froutalfield d), and of thedispersion of secondary frontal field maylbe varied at the same time, by displacing the cups 13 and lll-by any suitable mechanical means-relatively to the end shields of the motor, thereby varying thereluctance of the frontal circuits.

Since the inductive transmission of energy, as said, is.exclusively due to the primar frontal field which is totally interlinked wit i the secondary connections, and since the secondary field does not react upon the primary because of the dispersion above specified,.the primary frontal stray field will practically be nul. To this fact is substantially due the high value of the power factor ascertained in the machines constructed and operating according to this invention.

Althou asynchronous machines provided wittwo stators and two rotors have been more particularly described and illus'- trated in' the drawings, the addition of a cylindrical body or of bars made of magnetic material adapted to form the basis of the U-shaped magnetic circuit may also be done in usual machines provided a stator and a rotor only, and in this case the end shields are utilized as a part of the saidl U.shaped magnetic circuit having low reluctance.

What I claim as my invention is:

1. In an alternating current machine having the end connections arranged as uniformly as possible on the fronts thereof, the

vcombination with the end connections of the primary and condary windings, of auxiliary m a netic members providing a path for an additional magnetic circuit of comparalUl) ies

tively low reluctance, saidy path lying in a 7 plane substantially at right angles to the plane of the main magnetic circuit in the cores of the machine, said additional magnetic circuit surrounding said primary and secondary end connections.

2. In 1an alternating current machine having the end connections arranged as uniformly as possible on the Jronts thereof, the combination with the end connections of the primary and secondary windings, of auxiliary magnetic members parallel to the sha't't and placed relatively to the secondary winding from opposite sides to the primary winding` said members providing a path for an additional magnetic circuit of comparatively low reluctance, saidI path lying in a plane substantially at right angles to the plane o'l the main magnetic circuit in the cores of the machine, said additional magnetic circuit surrounding said primary and secondary end connections.

SL In an alternating cnri'eiit'niachine having laminated cores and a magnetic 'frame and the end connections arranged as uniformly as possible on the fronts ot the inap chine, the combination with the end connections of the primary and secondary windings of auxiliary magnetic members providing a path for an additional inagneticcircnit otl comparatively low reluctance, said path lyingr in a plane .substantially at right angles lo the plane of the main magnetic circuit iii the cores ol the machine, said additional magnetic circuit being completed through the said auxiliary magnetic members, the laminated cores and the magnetic frame of the machine.

4. yIn an alternating current machine having windings, the end connections arranged as uniformly as ossible on the fronts thereof, the combination with the end connections of the primary and secondary windings, of auxiliary magnetic members parallel to the shaft and placed relatively to the secondary winding on the opposite side of the primary winding from the secondar winding, and of" auxiliary windings woundyupon said magnetic members, said auxiliary windings being electrically connected to the main secondary winding and in inductive relation with the fields set up by the end connections of the primary and secondary windings.I

5. In an alternating current machine having laminated cores and primary and secondary windings tlie end connections arranged as uniformly as possible on the fronts thereot', the combination with the end connections of the primary and secondary windings, ot auxiliary magnetic members parallel to the shat'tand placed relatively to the Secondary winding` on the opposite side of the primary winding from the secondary winding, the additional magnetic circuit provided by said auxiliary members and lying in a plane substantial'l y at right angles to the plane of the main magnetic circuit beliig through the laminated cores, the lield set up by the primary end connections embracing both primary and secondary end connections, while the lield Set up by the secondary end connections embraces the latter.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto signed my name.

VITTORIO MARTINET'IO.

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